Robert "Robbie" Camacho Suzuki, Jr.
The Methods
Research Question
How does the integration of MPIP into the 4-H MYLS influence youth participants’ perception and understanding of STEM?
Research Design
This case study utilizes a qualitative research design, incorporating thematic analysis, to delve deeply into the research question: How does the integration of MPIP into the 4-H MYLS influence youth participants’ perception and understanding of STEM? The qualitative approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the subjective experiences and perceptions of the participants, emphasizing depth over breadth in data collection and analysis (Creswell, 2018). This approach is suitable for capturing the complexity of integrating cultural practices into educational settings and understanding their impact on youth development. A small sample (18) of individuals was selected to ensure diverse views were obtained, aligning with Creswell's (2018) recommendations for qualitative research.
Role of the Researcher
In this qualitative research design, I assume dual roles: student researcher and program Extension Agent. I re-designed the 4-H MYLS program to incorporate Modernized Pacific Island Practices (MPIPs) and collaborated with colleagues to plan the quarterly learning journey experiences. I collected data while leading both in-person and virtual experiences to understand the impacts of MPIPs on the 4-H MYLS. The aim is for participants to diversify their perspectives on STEM knowledge and begin to recognize cultural experiences as part of STEM.
Growing up, I was exposed to traditional medicine, often viewed as a form of witchcraft rather than science, and perceived it as something magical and intimidating. Visits to suruhåna/suruhånu (traditional herbal healers) were daunting, as they were often referred to by parents as witch doctors. This perception was further influenced by stories involving taotaomo’na (the people of before) and cultural spirits. However, as I immersed myself into these practices over time, I eventually realized the significant importance of suruhåna/suruhånu as local doctors who utilize the land and spirits to heal people both physically and spiritually.
In my current capacities, I have recognized the loss of many local practices due to negative perceptions. One example of this is the Chamorro language, which has experienced significant decline due to various colonial periods. Over the centuries, the Northern Mariana Islands have been influenced by Spanish, German, Japanese, and American rule, each leaving an indelible mark on the culture and language (Russell, 1998). During Spanish colonization, the introduction of Christianity and the suppression of native practices led to a decrease in the use of Chamorro (Rogers, 2011). The German and Japanese periods further eroded the language as each regime imposed its own language policies. Post-World War II, American influence became dominant, and English emerged as the primary language of education and administration (Rechebei & Chung, 2018). Consequently, the Chamorro language has been marginalized, and its use has significantly diminished among younger generations (Rogers, 2011; Rechebei & Chung, 2018). My experiences with the STEMS² program, observing how Hawaiian culture and practices are being preserved through their incorporation into schools and communities, have inspired me to integrate MPIPs into youth development programs and, eventually, the broader educational system and community in the CNMI.
Highlighting the indigenous culture of the CNMI is of utmost importance to me and a key reason for choosing this case study as my Plan B project. I believe this project is a stepping stone toward developing broader frameworks that incorporate MPIPs, such as the Hafa Adai Circle, into curricula and programs across the CNMI. In this case study, I will leverage my experiences from the STEMS² Summer One program to guide and facilitate the 4-H MYLS. Transitioning from practitioner to student researcher, I analyzed how the integration of MPIPs impacts participants' perceptions of STEM throughout the program. Although this case study may seem personal and professionally biased, I ensured to work with external thought partners to assist in the interpretation of the data, mitigating any potential biases towards the study.
Participants
The eighteen participants in this study were selected and appointed by a review committee at 4-H Marianas and the Northern Marianas College Cooperative Research, Extension, and Education Services (NMC CREES) Family, Community, and Youth Development (FCYD) Program. The demographic information can be found in Table 1. The youth participants are leaders from the 4-H Saipan, Tinian, and Rota Youth Island Councils and the 4-H Marianas State Youth Council. These leaders serve their peers by developing professional development, community engagement, and recreational opportunities, thereby gaining leadership, responsibility, and citizenship skills. They work collaboratively to support each other and bridge the learning gap between Saipan, Tinian, and Rota youth, creating a unified "One CNMI" culture and community.
Data Collection Methods
Data were collected through multiple methods to ensure comprehensive and robust resources, following Creswell's (2018) guidelines for qualitative research. The STEM categories (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) were pre-identified, and the data were coded accordingly. The relationship to pre-identified MPIPs (Hafa Adai Circle, Gineftao, Chamorro Lålai, Traditional Fishery Practices, Ancient Artifact Tools, and Storytelling) was also examined. There were multiple reflection tools I looked at to gather data: Journals, Focus Group Discussions, and the Program Assessment Tool.
-
Journals (see Appendix D): Participants documented their thoughts, experiences, and reflections over the duration of the program. Journals were used to track their personal, academic, professional, and social growth throughout the 4-H MYLS.
-
Focus Group Discussions: Conducted as whole-group discussions led by myself, aimed at gathering diverse perspectives on various topics related to the research utilizing pre-identified guiding questions (see Appendix B). These focus groups provided collective insights on participants' experiences with the 4-H MYLS, allowing for a deeper understanding of common themes, challenges, and successes through group interaction.
-
Program Assessment Tool (see Appendix A) - Surveys were administered through Google Forms each quarter (or every three months) to measure changes in participants' perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge.
Data Analysis
Qualitative data from reflections, interviews, artifacts, journals, and surveys were meticulously analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns. The coding process began with open coding, which involves breaking down the data into discrete parts to understand underlying concepts and ideas (Saldaña, 2021). Each segment of the data was examined for keywords, phrases, and concepts relevant to the research questions. For example, statements made by participants about their experiences, such as those related to medicinal planting and cultural practices, were tagged and categorized.
Following open coding, axial coding was employed to establish relationships between identified codes. Axial coding involves reassembling the data by linking codes to one another, connecting them to pre-identified categories, and identifying subcategories related to the main themes (Saldaña, 2021). This stage allowed for a deeper exploration of how different aspects of participants' experiences were interconnected. For example, during the open coding phase, codes like “reflection”, “gift”, and “culture” were
identified from the participants' reflection tools. In axial coding, these codes were linked to broader categories like “Hafa Adai Circle”, “Chant”, and “Gineftao”. Finally, selective coding allowed me to pull data to fit the various MPIPs and STEM categories that relate to this study.
Data triangulation (Creswell, 2018) was employed to enhance the validity and reliability of the findings, cross-verifying information from multiple data sources, including Flipgrid videos, focus groups, artifacts, journals, and surveys (Patton, 2014). By using diverse data sources, the research ensured that identified themes were supported by evidence from different perspectives and contexts. For example, Flipgrid videos corroborated participants' self-reported experiences in journals and focus group discussions. Artifacts created by participants provided tangible evidence supporting the themes identified in their verbal and written reflections. The data was compiled on Freeform, an Apple application, to facilitate the coding and analysis process. Freeform is a digital whiteboarding application that allows for the organization, connection, and visualization of codes and themes.
Ethical Considerations
The research was conducted following the Institutional Review Board (IRB) process through the University of Hawaii at Manoa system. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their guardians, ensuring that participants were fully aware of the study's purpose, procedures, and their rights. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study, with all data anonymized to protect participants' identities.
This methodological approach, grounded in Creswell's (2018) qualitative research guidelines, allowed for a comprehensive exploration of how integrating MPIP into youth development programs influences participants' perceptions of STEMS^2. The use of multiple data collection methods and rigorous analysis procedures ensured the credibility and reliability of the findings, providing valuable insights into the educational impact of cultural practices on youth in the CNMI.